As shown in Fig. 10A, the magnitude of E3-specific CD8 T cell response after i.p. inoculation, determined as the percentages of IFN-γ and/or IL2 and/or TNF-α CD8 secreting cells, was significantly higher (p<0.001) in DUSP1 KO infected mice with the three viruses, although it was more remarkable in infections with WR and NYVAC. Here, TNF is linked to infection.