This differs from reports of rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and the endogenous PPAR-γ agonist 15d-PGJ(2), inducing direct ARE activation in hepatic and hepatoma cell cultures and hyperoxic lung tissue [20, 42, 43] and suggests that LSN has less neuroprotective potential via Nrf2 pathway compared to those agonists. Here, SPN is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.