Second, because strong evidence indicates that activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is an important contributor to the genesis of AF, positive association between CKD and AF may be attributed to the unfavorable effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone on atrial structural and electrical remodeling via their pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative effects [17,18]. The gene discussed is REN; the disease is chronic kidney disease.