PDYN and alcohol drinking: However, subsequent review of the phenotype data revealed that a majority of German subjects answered the Semi-Structured Interview for the Assessment on the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) question [25], [26], “Have you ever ingested alcohol to avoid/escape unwanted emotional or somatic discomfort?” Provided that the conceptual meaning of this question is similar to the concept of negative (relief) craving, we hypothesized that this phenotype may also be associated with the PDYN rs2281285 variant.