We assessed the intratumor protein and mRNA expression levels of 5 genes related to estrogen synthesis and function–genes encoding the steroidogenic enzymes AKR1C3 and aromatase; ERα; and 2 estradiol/ERα target genes, BRCA1 and PR (Figure 1) – and determined their ability to predict responsiveness to AI therapy in postmenopausal women with recurrent breast cancer who failed to respond to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Here, CYP19A1 is linked to breast carcinoma.