ESR1 and infection: Several diagnostic modalities such as laboratory tests (white blood cell count, ESR, CRP, Il-6, TNF-α, and procalcitonin C), synovial fluid characteristics, histopathological studies of intraoperative samples of periprosthetic tissue, microbiological studies (conventional cultures of five to six intraoperative specimens of periprosthetic tissue), and radiological studies (predominately technetium-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scintigraphy) can be applied to identify the pathogen [23]; however differential diagnosis of low-grade infections can be extremely challenging.