Using a multivariate linear mixed effects model to control for the multiple repeated measurements contributed by the same patient at different timepoints, we found a significant association of time since initiation of treatment, CD4+ levels at initiation of treatment, population of origin, TB co-infection status and CCL3L1 copy number (p = 0.012, Table 3, Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene CCL3L3 and coinfection.