For instance, a PAR1-PAR4 two-receptor system has been demonstrated to mediate a closely related thrombin-induced signalling in both astrocytoma [138] and hepatocellular carcinoma [158] cells where PAR1 and PAR4 clusters could be detected by a high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) freeze-fracture replica immunolabeling technique. The gene discussed is MARK2; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).