PPARA and neoplasm: To settle the issue of the influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists on colorectal carcinogenesis, which has been a topic since 1998 [42,43,44], we confirmed that colitis induced by DSS, which is a non-genotoxic carcinogen [45,46], using aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as a biomarker [16,47,48,49], had tumor promoter activity to enhance development of ACF in rats and hypothesized that a combination of DSS and AOM would induce CRC in a short-term period in mice as well [50].