In addition to the above, TGF-β is a cytokine that is released by glioma cells in large quantities in vitro and in vivo and has been implicated in the malignant progression of glial tumors and the immune dysfunction in patients with GBM by promoting tumor-angiogenesis, enhancing invasion, migration and inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.