In an in vivo lung metastasis model [104], it has been shown that gavage with DIM can inhibit the lung metastasis of 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells with concomitant reduction in the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and breast carcinoma.