In a study comparing the effect of I3C treatment on estrogen receptor-α-negative MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells vs. immortalized non-tumorigenic HBL100 cells [41], phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3-K) and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt were identified as targets of I3C. Here, ESR1 is linked to breast carcinoma.