Addition of blocking anti-PD-1 antibodies in cultures of human T cells stimulated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells increased by 2–3 fold the proliferation of anti-peptide T cells [184], whereas addition of blocking anti-PD-L1 antibodies in cultures of human T cells which were stimulated with PD-L1+ tumor cells or peptide-pulsed blood mononuclear cells, either diminished aptotosis of specific T cells [185], or increased their proliferation by 2–3 fold [186]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.