VEGFA and neoplasm: Furthermore, it became evident that TNF can induce angiogenesis [19], an indispensable step for tumor growth and metastasis, by inducing the expression of various molecules involved in angiogenesis, including MMP, COX-2, IL-1, IL-6, stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and VEGF [20](Figure 2).