Activation of ERK by the transformation of human mesenchymal stem cells by H-ras [101], overexpression of TrkA (tropomyosin-related kinase A) in glioblastoma cells [102] and overexpression of mutant LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2) in neuronal cells [103] was associated with increase in autophagy. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and glioblastoma.