A large study including 8417 patients affected by RA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease did not show an increased rate of ILD among the 4200 patients treated with anti-TNF agents, compared to those treated with non-biologic therapies, particularly in the RA group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI 0.51–2.07) [98]. Here, TNF is linked to interstitial lung disease.