The ability of PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade to improve control of viremia in both of these humanized mouse models of chronic HIV infection underscores the therapeutic potential that PD-1–PD-L1 inhibition may have in human HIV infection, similar to its therapeutic potential in human cancer that has been demonstrated in recent clinical trials [34], [39], [40], [41]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.