The ratio of TDN to TDP decreased from 63.56 to 26.91±1.76 for WDA CDOM, and from 67.73 to 48.13±6.25 for PDA CDOM after 6 days exposure, respectively, which were 42.34% and 71.07% of the initial values (Fig. 2c, 2f). Here, TRDN is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.