Thus, those genes, such as DIRAS3, HBA1/HBA2, IGH@/IGHA1/IGHA2/IGHV3OR16-13/LOC100126583, MMD, PRKACA and SLC16A7, which do not correlated with any a known etiological factor of AF, may provide new insights for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms of pmAF. Here, IGHA1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.