Chronic PARP-1 activation in tissues undergoing high metabolic activity or tissues subjected to continual ROS-induced stress may be at increased risk for developing cancer driven by PARP-1 signaling, which may be the case for the study in hepatocellular carcinoma mentioned previously which show elevated PARP-1 levels in cirrhotic patients [62]. This evidence concerns the gene PARP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.