TNF and gastric ulcer: The effects of MSE on gastric ulcer, TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-α were compared with anti-ulcer drugs, omeprazole (OMZ, proton pump inhibitor) and pentoxyphylline (PTX, an inhibitor of TNF-α, a prominent inflammatory marker) and hypoglycemic drug, insulin (positive controls) and CMC-treated (negative control) in DR-AA rat.