Compared with normal tissue, KAL1 was significantly elevated in glioblastoma (P=0.0000) for two of the three probe-set analyses available, and was elevated at P=0.0392 and P=0.0577 in same two probe-sets for astrocytoma and at P=0.0019 and 0.0032 for all gliomas. This evidence concerns the gene ANOS1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).