PAPP-A was elevated in AKI (20.0 ± 16.9 mIU/L) CKD 5 (20.2 ± 28.1 mIU/L) and HD (20.8 ± 10.1 mIU/L) compared with controls (9.1 ± 2.3 mIU/L, p < 0.001) (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene PAPPA and acute kidney injury.