Similarly, HMGB-1 was increased in AKI (5.8 ± 7.5 ng/mL) versus controls (1.7 ± 1.4 ng/mL), CKD 5 (3.2 ± 3.1 ng/mL) and HD (2.5 ±2.1 ng/mL), all p < 0.001, as well as HMGB-1 was higher in CKD 5 and HD in comparison with controls (Figure 5). The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is acute kidney injury.