TNF and memory impairment: Recently, Kamat et al. [101] demonstrated that OA, after intracerebroventricular administration, caused memory impairment in rats and neuroinflammatory changes, including increased expression of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the hippocampus and cortex brain regions of these animals.