PRKN and Parkinson disease: Mitochondrial dysfunction has consistently been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD (Langston et al., 1983, Schapira et al., 1989), and different proteins associated with familial PD, such as PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, DJ-1, LRRK2 and α-synuclein, have been reported to localize to mitochondria and affect function (Bonifati et al., 2003, Devi et al., 2008, Narendra et al., 2008, Papkovskaia et al., 2012, Silvestri et al., 2005, Valente et al., 2004).