MTHFR and vascular dementia: The MTHFR risk allele that is known to increase homocysteine levels has been shown, albeit inconsistently, to be associated with AD (Anello et al., 2004; Brunelli et al., 2001; Mansoori et al., 2011; Prince et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2005), vascular dementia (Chapman et al., 1998; Pollak et al., 2000), silent brain infarcts (Kohara et al., 2003) and white matter hyperintensities (Hong et al., 2009; Kohara et al., 2003).