In human SLE, the timing of an increase in urinary lipocalin-2 in relation to a rise in anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and decrease in C3 and C4 levels is still unknown and comparative studies between urinary lipocalin-2 and current disease activity markers such as ds-DNA and complement are also encouraged in future. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and systemic lupus erythematosus.