VCP and cancer: Indeed, consistent with its role in genome maintenance and modulation of various oncogenes and tumor suppressors (e.g., HIF1a, p53, IκBα, Brca1, NFκB, and NF1), Cdc48 expression and function have been tied to human malignancies including cancers of breast, liver, lung, pancreas, ovary, and colon [6, 103].