Second, we and others have recently reported that C9orf72 repeat expansions lead to RAN translation resulting in the production of poly-glycine–alanine, poly-glycine–arginine and poly-glycine–proline peptides that accumulate as insoluble aggregates in the cytoplasm of neurons [2, 30], further supporting an RNA-mediated mechanism of toxicity in c9FTD/ALS. Here, RAN is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.