Subjects ranged from 22 to 70 years of age (62 male and 49 female) and were transplanted for a variety of disease processes including forty-three cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, twenty-two of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, twelve of scleroderma, eight of sarcoidosis, eight of usual interstitial pneumonia, eight of isolated pulmonary hypertension, four of cystic fibrosis, four of various rare etiologies, and two of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency cases. Here, PSMA6 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.