PADI3 and infection: A previous study has confirmed that MAPK4 and MKS1 were associated with WRKY33 in vivo; necrotrophic pathogen infection led to the activation of MAPK4 and phosphorylation of MKS1, and subsequently, MKS1 and WRKY33 were released from MAPK4, and WRKY33 was recruited to the promoter of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 (PAD3) (Qiu et al., 2008).