Infection of shRNAs against eight F-box proteins (FBXL5, FBXW5, FBXO3, FBXO4, FBXO5, FBXO24, FBXO25 and FBXO27) upregulated Snail1 protein levels (at least by 2-fold) compared with parental cells or cells infected with a control shRNA (Figure 1A and Supplementary Figure S1A). This evidence concerns the gene FBXO3 and infection.