GJA1 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia (Beardslee et al., 2000; Axelsen et al., 2006), hemodynamic volume overload (Rucker-Martin et al., 2006; Qu et al., 2009) and diabetes (Lin et al., 2006; Howarth et al., 2008), may affect Cx43 phosphorylation and thereby gap junction coupling between Cx43 expressing cells.