In a three-dimensional skin infection model, stimulation of keratinocytes with TH22 supernatants or by adding IL-22 plus TNF-α effectively inhibited C. albicans growth and maintained epithelial survival, and the combinatorial stimulation of keratinocytes with IL-22 plus TNF-α most effectively conserved the integrity of the epidermal barrier as compared with IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, or TNF-α alone [50]. Here, TNF is linked to skin infection.