JUN and rheumatoid arthritis: However, we noticed that among reported, experimentally validated direct targets of miR-155 by luciferase report assay, after transfection with the relevant 3′UTR portion of mRNA [17], IKBKE (IKKε) was confirmed to directly increase the cytokine-mediated production of MMP-3 and MMP-13 by RA-FLS through phosphorylating c-Jun [13].