LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has been found that certain genetic alterations (i.e., mutation, loss of function, among others) of leptin (Lep), leptin receptor (LepR), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), pro-protein convertase 1 (PCSK1), and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R), can cause obesity and can also significantly affect immune responses (9–16).