To test whether PKC-dependent signaling indeed functions in this capacity, we examined expression levels of known anti-parasite immune genes (nitric oxide synthase or NOS, LRIM1, TEP1, APL1, LRRD7) and an immune gene marker (defensin) that are regulated by Rel1-dependent Toll, Rel2-dependent Immune deficiency (IMD) and/or Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT, [16], [34]–[39]) in A. stephensi following blood meals containing P. falciparum freeze/thaw parasite products (FTPP) in the presence or absence of PKC inhibitors. Here, ADI1 is linked to Immunodeficiency.