We conducted the present case-control study on a fairly large sample size to; 1) investigate the association between TGF-β1 polymorphisms (c.29C>T and c.74G>C) and breast cancer risk in India, 2) evaluate variation of the association across ethnically different populations, 3) compare genotype frequencies of these polymorphisms between Dravidian, Indo-European and Tibeto-Burman populations of India, and 4) compare TGF-β1 genotypes with other Asian populations from medico-evolutionary point of view. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.