Gosker et al. [112] have shown that mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 months had pulmonary inflammation and emphysema, increased circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, there was a tendency for the soleus muscle to be lighter after smoke exposure and that the oxidative fibre type IIA proportion was significantly reduced in the soleus muscle. Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary emphysema.