Compared with smoke or influenza (H3N1, Mem71 strain) alone, mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 days and then influenza had more macrophages, neutrophils and total lymphocytes in BALF at day 3, more macrophages in BALF at day 10, lower net gelatinase activity and increased activity of TIMP-1 in BALF at day 3, altered profiles of key cytokines and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, worse lung pathology and more virus-specific-activated CD8+ T-cells in BALF [86]. This evidence concerns the gene TIMP1 and influenza.