GDNF and Wilson disease: This “bypass” pathway has been reconstituted in an in vitro isolated WD culture system and reliable GDNF/Ret-independent budding has been achieved with the exogenous addition of an FGF (i.e. FGF1 or FGF7) together with simultaneous inhibition of activin signaling with follistatin (Fig. 1) (Maeshima et al., 2007; Rosines et al., 2007; Choi et al., 2009; Tee et al., 2010).