In the present study, the levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGFβ1 and HGF were determined immunohistochemically in oesophageal precancerous lesions (low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; LGIEN and HGIEN, respectively), carcinoma in situ (CIS) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is squamous cell carcinoma.