In another study, aqueous mulberry extract exhibited anti-obesity effects by upregulating hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 expression, and reducing fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase expression (14). This evidence concerns the gene FASN and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.