IL1B and HIV infectious disease: Both HIV infection and RA are characterized by a chronic inflammatory state and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, and also in RA patients the incidence of non-primary disease related complications such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cognitive impairment are more prevalent than among the general population (125–127).