Chronic HIV infection is now known to be characterized by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, TGFβ, IL-8, IL-1α, and IL-1β, serum markers of inflammation including sCD14, CRP, cystatin C, D-dimers, and activation of the coagulation system (47). Here, IL1B is linked to HIV infectious disease.