In summary, our studies indicate that acrolein may account for the reported anti-inflammatory effects of cigarette smoke in allergic asthma, and highlight multiple and diverse mechanisms by which acrolein exerts such anti-inflammatory actions, through inhibition of NF-κB and JNK pathways and activation of Nrf2 and subsequent anti-inflammatory gene induction. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and allergic asthma.