The proviral DNA load in PBMCs, serum sIL-2R, and plasma levels of the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5 were also measured in 22 ACs and 30 HAM/TSP patients without any history of immunomodulating treatments, including corticosteroids, IFN-α, and immunosuppressive drugs. The gene discussed is CCL5; the disease is tropical spastic paraparesis.