Total protein, cell count, IgG, neopterin, sIL-2R, and nine chemokines (CXCR3 ligands: CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11; CCR5 ligands: CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5; CCR4 ligands: CCL17 and CCL22; CCR6 ligand: CCL20) were also measured in the CSF of 30 untreated HAM/TSP patients and in eight HTLV-1-infected control subjects (seven ACs and one patient with smoldering ATL). Here, CCR6 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.