In addition, several cytokines have been detected in the CSF and/or spinal cord of HAM/TSP patients, including interleukin (IL)-1β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [21]–[24]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and tropical spastic paraparesis.