First, the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) including interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27), interferon-inducible protein 44 (IFI44), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MX1), was upregulated early during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection and maintained through the chronic phase but was not upregulated in CD4+ T-cells from CHC patients. Here, OAS1 is linked to cryohydrocytosis.