Likewise, the patterns of decreased levels of mDCs [31], [32], [33], Treg cells [34], [35] and iNKT cells [36], [37], [38], increased PD-1 expression on iNKT cells [39], as well as increased plasma levels of sCD14 [14], [40], in CVID patients are shared with HIV-1 infected patients. Here, PDCD1 is linked to common variable immunodeficiency.