Administration of the anti-TNF antibody did not cause acute increases in pro-inflammatory gene transcription (data not shown), and its administration throughout pre-patent infection led to the down-regulation of IL-1β, TNF, and CCL2 transcription in the spleens of RAG−/− mice by four weeks p.i. (Figure 6A–C), similar to that observed in wild type mice and with chronic LPS or MSU treatment in RAG−/− mice. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and infection.