CD8A and neoplasm: In NK-deleted mice, we observed approximately 40% reduction in the efficacy of EW-7197 on tumour growth and CD8+ T-cell expansion (Fig 6D–F), suggesting that EW-7197 exerts the efficacy partially via NK cells, similarly to the previous report on the efficacy of the neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody 1D11 on a mouse 4T1 model of metastatic breast cancer (Nam et al, 2008).