Because TGF-β and EW-7197 showed no direct effects on apoptosis and cell cycle of B16 cells in vitro (Supporting Information Fig S2) and TGF-β antagonism mainly targets the immune system rather than the cancer cells (Donkor et al, 2011; Nam et al, 2008), we evaluated the effect of EW-7197 on immunophenotypes of melanoma-bearing mice. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.