In addition to EPO peptides, asialo-erythropoietin (asialo-rhuEPO) and carbamylated EPO prepared by enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues and carbamylation, respectively of rhuEPO were found to be nonhematopoietic but cytoprotective in animal models of stroke, sciatic nerve injury, spinal cord compression and ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury [19]–[21]. Here, EPO is linked to Stroke.