For this analysis, we compared to their respective normal controls (1) epithelial cell cultures of pre-neoplastic renal lesions from six familial cases of VHL patients harboring one functional copy of VHL [48], (2) ccRCC tissue from 32 familial cases of biallelically-inactivated VHL [49], and (3) ccRCC tissue from 20 sporadic cases of biallelically-inactivated VHL [49]. The gene discussed is VHL; the disease is nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.