From these analyses, we have found that NF-κB appears to be constitutively active in a high percentage of ccRCC cases, and that a disproportionate number of NF-κB regulators and targets (the ccRCC ‘NF-κB signature’) display consistently elevated expression in ccRCC, compared to normal renal tissue. Here, NFKB1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.